[16], Other, later, ancient histories of the wars exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. [2][8][11], The account of the Roman historian Livy is commonly used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. In 211BC Rome contained this threat by allying with the Aetolian League, a coalition of Greek city states which was already at war against Macedonia. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. Mike Duncan. The two sides' infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian rear. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. Roman trade slowed after Rome took over Carthage. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. How is the US government similar to the Roman Republic? Warfare in the Hellenistic Age: The Punic Wars. This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). What was the role of the judicial branch of Roman government? How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. [282][283] Rome still exists as the capital of Italy;[284] the ruins of Carthage lie 24 kilometres (15mi) east of Tunis on the North African coast.[285][286]. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. The challenge the nascent Roman Empire faced wasn't just that their opponents were bigger than them. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. The Romans were a military people first and foremost. By immobilizing the other ship, and attaching it to their own, the Romans could manipulate a sea engagement through the strategies of a land battle. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. and 146 B.C., spanning a time period of over 118 years. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. [75] A Carthaginian army of 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 elephants attempted to lift the siege in 262BC, but was badly defeated at the battle of Akragas. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. Rome then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The Second Punic War saw Hannibal and his troopsincluding as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and a number of elephantsmarch from Spain across the Alps and into Italy, where they scored a string of victories over Roman troops at Ticinus, Trebia and Trasimene. This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. The First Punic War was the closest match, for numerous reasons, b. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". Why were Carthage and Rome continually at war between 264 and 146 BCE? At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. The Punic Wars and Expansion. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage did not officially end until a peace treaty was signed in 1985 AD. He led Rome as a dictator when he was asked. [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. The Carthaginian government, however, still as corrupt and selfish as it had always been, taxed the people heavily to help pay the war debt while they, themselves, contributed nothing. [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. [103] The next year they lost another 150 ships to a storm. Required fields are marked *. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. 44,000 Roman soldiers died at Cannae compared with 6000 of Hannibal's forces. Both empires wanted to take control of Sicily and Corsica, the ideal trading spot in the entire Mediterranean. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After this disastrous defeat, however, the Romans managed to rebound, and the Carthaginians lost their hold on Italy as Rome won victories in Spain and North Africa under the rising young general Scipio Africanus. 1 / 29. [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. Nevertheless, three years . As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage and Rome between 264 BCE and 146 BCE. |revered|"Obedience is revered. Explain how the connotation of the new word differs from the connotation of the original. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Fabius' strategy might have worked had not the Romans become impatient with their legions' inactivity. At one point Rome attacked Carthaginian lands in Africa, very close to Carthage itself. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. [256][257] Elements in the Roman Senate had long wished to destroy Carthage and with the breach of the treaty as a casus belli, war was declared in 149BC. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. The Roman Senate stated they considered the preparation of this force an act of war and demanded Carthage cede Sardinia and Corsica and pay an additional 1,200-talent indemnity. Omissions? Fabius refused to engage Hannibal directly relying, instead, on cutting off his supplies and starving his army. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. After studying the Punic Wars, it's sometimes difficult to identify the causes and effects of each war, including the effects on the incapacitated people of Carthage. What was the cause of the First Punic War? As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. [144] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary served as javelin-armed skirmishers known as velites; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3ft) shield. Upon Hasdrubals death in 221 B.C., Hannibal took command of Carthaginian forces in Spain. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. wars in producing this important change in what may be called, in a broad sense, the Roman philosophy of life. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [62][63], In 260BC Romans set out to construct a fleet and used a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. PublicAffairs. Hannibal kept his oath and devoted his life to defeating Rome. [146] This gave Carthage the silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards, and territorial depth to stand up to future Roman demands with confidence. Nevertheless, their victory must have been bittersweet. Punic Wars. In 254 they captured the important fortress of Panormus (Palermo), but when Carthage threw reinforcements into the island the war again came to a standstill. There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained . [12][15][16] Several of the city states in southern Italy allied with Hannibal or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. In 260 the Romans built their first large fleet of standard battleships. Other cities have copied architecture to express a city in a lucrative and valued way. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. How Did The Civil War Lead To The Transformation Of Rome 665 Words | 3 Pages. Scipio Africanus. After an initial Carthaginian victory, Fabius Maximus Cunctator harassed Hannibal wherever he went without offering battle. [82][83][84] A Carthaginian base on Corsica was seized, but an attack on Sardinia was repulsed; the base on Corsica was then lost. [101][102] The Romans rapidly rebuilt their fleet, adding 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254BC. [203] By early 215BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214BC, 18; and by 213BC, 22. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". The Punic Wars took place in the years 264 B.C. [175][181], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius as dictator, with sole charge of the war effort. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Due to ancient Rome being dominated by this architecture affect, other cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Rome was able to gain its empire in large part by extending some form of citizenship to many of the people it conquered. In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). In the century prior to the Punic Wars, boarding had become increasingly common and ramming had declined, as the larger and heavier vessels adopted in this period increasingly lacked the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to ram effectively, while their sturdier construction reduced a ram's effect on them even in case of a successful attack. [220] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. What shows that religion was important in the lives of Roman families? In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). [200][202], Meanwhile, the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. Three conflicts between these states took place on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region and involved a total of forty-three years of warfare. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. The first Punic War (264-261 BCE) began when Rome decided to get involved in a skirmish in Sicily, which was currently Carthage territory. The Romans incorporated many Greek gods into their religion. This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior magistrates, known as consuls, who at time of war would each lead an army. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Yale University. ~. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Why did some Romans attempt to reform the government? The two earlier Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-241 BCE and 218-201 BCE, could equally well be seen as the inevitable result of two major powers coming into direct contact with one another, each fearing the other. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. The last holdouts, including Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. Rome emerged as the pre-eminent power in the Mediterranean and Carthage lay in ruin for over one hundred years until it was finally re-built following the death of Julius Caesar. Hamilcar was surnamed Barca (meaning `lightning') because of his speed in attacking anywhere and the suddenness of the action. He and his wife raised the boys. How did both the construction of roads and the Mediterranean Sea contribute to the expansion of the Roman Republic? [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. In 264 B.C., Rome decided to intervene in a dispute on the western coast of the island of Sicily (then a Carthaginian province) involving an attack by soldiers from the city of Syracuse against the city of Messina. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. He then charged into the legions from behind. [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. Unlike Valentines Day, however, Lupercalia was a read more, The story of the Trojan Warthe Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greecestraddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. The Punic Wars, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. In spring 212BC the Romans stormed Syracuse in a surprise night assault and captured several districts of the city. This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. If either commander felt at a disadvantage, they might march off without engaging. [166], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and seized its food stocks. [182] Fabius introduced the Fabian strategy of avoiding open battle with his opponent, but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy. How might you respond to it ? He thought that Caesar was a danger to the entire republic. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? [229][230] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery, but released the captured population. How was Rome ruled after General Sulla died? [259] This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury. Both battles ended in complete defeat for the Romans, as Hasdrubal had bribed the Romans' mercenaries to desert. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. [210][211] The siege was marked by the ingenuity of Archimedes in inventing war machines to counteract the traditional siege warfare methods of the Romans. They elected people to represent them in government. How did the Roman Republic influence the executive branch in the United States? Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. The Romans' lodgement between the Ebro and the Pyrenees blocked the route from Iberia to Italy and greatly hindered the despatch of reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. [275] There is a tradition that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt, but this has been shown to have been a 19th-century invention. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. [169] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause and Hannibal's army grew to 37,000 men. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. How did Cincinnatus exercise his civic duty? [72], The war began with the Romans gaining a foothold on Sicily at Messana (modern Messina) in 264BC. Unlike Rome, Carthage was a seafaring empire that had much better ships and naval technology. Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat & mouse game with the. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. Two years later, Hannibal marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. [19] Goldsworthy writes "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accounts". The three Punic Wars between . Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. They led to the Roman Republic controlling much of the Mediterranean world, to the ruin of a great North African civilization, and to many modern people speaking a Latin-based or Latin-influenced language. Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. [225], The Carthaginians suffered a wave of defections of local Celtiberian tribes to Rome. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. While Carthage would largely ignore the war, leaving the fighting to Hamilcar and his mercenaries, Rome would be building and equipping more ships and training more men. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. This aggression provoked war with Carthage and Syracuse. Also in 146 B.C., Roman troops moved east to defeat King Philip V of Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars, and by years end Rome reigned supreme over an empire stretching from the Atlantic coast of Spain to the border between Greece and Asia Minor (now Turkey). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264 to 146 BC. A large indemnity in silver to Rome 's perception of its situation vast booty of gold, silver and artillery... Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula was in a surprise night assault and captured several of! Published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike ], other cities have adopted ancient architecture... Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored how the connotation the. Paullus were elected as consuls ; both were more aggressive-minded than fabius holder has published this content under following. 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