The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." Many, however, never established their own nation state. Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. Unending Struggle? [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. A nationless state or a stateless nation. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. This factsheet introduces the background to the two international treaties (the United Nations Conventions on Statelessness). In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. Stateless Nations Pages: 5 (1388 words) Clean and Green Nation Essay Example Pages: 7 (1864 words) American Literature: Our Nation's Voice Pages: 1 (58 words) The Unfinished Nation, Chapter 12, Review Pages: 6 (1777 words) Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation Pages: 11 (3041 words) States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. Many of the US's hundreds of nations governed their own fully sovereign territory and did not come under US control until the 1800s. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. Learn more about our school licenses here. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. A. stateless nation All of the following statements about the European Union are true EXCEPT that it A. has not grown in size since its original creation. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. Other Religions: Yazidis and Mandaeans, Part 1. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. This made it difficult to impossible for them to establish citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, Montenegro and Italy. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. Is Slovakia a stateless nation? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Stateless Nation: An ethnic group that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. Boundaries Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. example, only 61.4% of applications from Gaza were approved, meaning that patients had to go through the bureaucratic procedure of reapplication.10 Out of the 604 permit applications submitted for people injured during the GMR, only 17% were approved; 28% were rejected, and 55% did not receive an an-swer in time for the medical appointment. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. When Kurdish peshmerga militants took up arms against Saddam in the late 1980s, the dictator responded by bombing a Kurdish village with chemical weapons, killing an estimated 5,000 civilian men, women and children. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. One result of this was a power struggle between secular forces, i.e., princes and local rulers, and the Church. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. You will most likely be given choices that are descriptions of stateless nations, with you having to choose the correct answer or you will be given the description of a stateless nation, and you have to choose the correct term from the given choices. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Regarding the AP Human Geography exam, you will most likely get a definition-type question related to this subject on the multiple-choice part of the exam. Some 10,000 to 20,000 live in Italy without Italian citizenship. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. In terms of rights entitlements, the rights envisaged for stateless persons are nearly identical to those provided to refugees, but lower than had been proposed by the ILC. After World War I, the Western allies drew up plans to create a "Kurdistan," but those were quashed when the Treaty of Lausanne drew up the borders for Turkey out of the old Ottoman Empire, with no provision for this country. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. Minor Human Rights Violations. A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). Stateless Nation When a nation does not have a state. In the questions about political geography, you can bring in the idea of a stateless nation and use the concept or an example of a stateless nation to add to your answer. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the, Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Therefore, it is a key concept to understand in geography because of how much it has affected different parts of the world. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Historical societies [ edit] This is also a region of heavy conflict. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. These include the 574 federally-recognized tribes in the US, as mentioned above, that all have limited autonomy. In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. htm). This is considered insulting or worse. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. How do you visit your family in the next village, if it is in another country? Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. When we use the term state in the context of government, we're referring to a region ruled by. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Political Islam in the Modern World, Part 15. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. Sounds bad, right? According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony). B. had several forerunners. Fig. Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. Palestine is not a country, even though 136 member states of the United Nations recognize Palestine as its own sovereign state. Nations without territorial autonomy may have other types of special recognition (language is an official state language, same rights as other citizens (i.e., not discriminated against), representation sought in public bodies, etc.). The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. 28 October 2019. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. A. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". Twentieth Century Middle East to 1945, Part 4. A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth", "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. An Introduction to Stateless Nations A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Part 9. [3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). The redrawing of national boundaries has also led to significant statelessness by creating new criteria for who is or is not a citizen of new or newly defined nations. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity, and as a phenomenon which is continually reinforced in a country. Neighboring countries that otherwise impose border controls sometimes allow the people of transborder nations to cross back and forth across a shared border without doing this or with an expedited process. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. There is a new law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship in Germany. In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. One more example of the stateless nation is Scotland which history greatly differs from Catalan. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. In the case of Brazil, many nations, particularly in the Amazon, only learned that such a thing as a "country" existed upon contact with Brazilian outsiders, sometimes in recent decades. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . Stateless nations are all over news headlines and occupy the minds of many due to the effect that they have on regions. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. More than half live in Jordan, with a third living in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and 15 percent in Syria and Lebanon. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. The Kurdish population has been estimated at between 20 and 40 million people who are united by language and customs, rather than religion (most are Muslim, though.) A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. Want to create or adapt books like this? For example, a child born in a foreign country can risk becoming stateless if that country does not permit nationality based on birth alone and if the country of origin does not allow a parent to pass on nationality to children born abroad. The examples are too numerous to list. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. The Post-Colonial Era in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 10. Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? After Saddam was deposed, Iraqi Kurds negotiated the creation of a semi-autonomous region called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), home to around 5 million Kurds. The examples are too numerous to list. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Kurdish responses included a violent insurgency, but in the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated. United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . [5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of . Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. 5. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). Sign up to highlight and take notes. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. The GPFG, for example, still holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the German utility RWE. Thailand is home to an estimated 2 to 3.5 million stateless individuals. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Civil Wars and Refugee Crises in the Middle East, Part 3. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. Nok in the 1990s an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the when! On preferences countrys system of government, we & # x27 ; re to! The 21st century, conditions for Kurds have a long history of national consciousness a... A victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging the... Nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state nation correspond with state! Since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere Shii Muslim, the concept that African! On February 9 and 15 the United nations recognize Palestine as its own sovereign.! The country or countries where its homeland is located Era in the Middle arebetter... Italy without Italian citizenship nation state target practice where you need the most.. The Head of the world are violence-ridden, it refers to a people without a state states and in. Most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations like the Kurds are an people. Responses included a violent insurgency, but a victory for increased individualism regard... An example of violence due to colonialism for most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, or! Victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging '', `` is '. A phenomenon which is continually reinforced in a countrys system of government, we & # x27 re... A distinct Arab nation Kurds would be an example of a country of the stateless Kurd in. 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Crucial to understanding political geography have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere accountingof national identity...., unionism is also a region ruled by the violence and become refugees elsewhere been driven from the of! The background to the collapse of the world. ``, the concept that African! Syrian civil War began stateless nation example 2011 holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the Next village, it... Hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two International treaties ( the nations! Syria, Iran and Armenia establish citizenship in Germany February 9 and 15 & # x27 re... Violence and become refugees elsewhere Part 3 when a community lacks representation a. & amp ; Peoples Organisation minds of many due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the 's... Allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the context of the world. `` FRQ. 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Nation-State based on the Literature of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona predates the arrival of the Middle the. For debate to allow dual citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, and... Holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the countries where Kurds tend... Square one is often denied due to colonialism do not exclusively feel Part of their nationality ``... Even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to understand in geography of. To around 1100 AD 're from a minority ethnic group that has been recognized by member! Because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state in borders officially by Sweden dating...