It shows the electron as a particle orbiting the nucleus, similar to the way that planets orbit the sun. For example, we know that carbon is the 6th element in the periodic table. Protons are positive, neutron are neutral (having no charge) and electrons are negative. Which of the following does not describe an ion: positive, negative, or neutral? To give a brief quantitative overview of electric charge, the unit for charge is the Coulomb, denoted by "C". Calculate the net charge of an object with 5.36 10 excess electrons. What is normally the net charge of a polarized object? An online noble gas electron configuration calculator provides a condensed method of finding the electron configuration, atomic number, and atomic mass of given. 1 gives the properties and locations of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Why are cations smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atom? Could we find an element that has different numbers of electronic and nuclear charges? Physicists and engineers sometimes use the variable e to refer to the charge of an electron. This is also equal to the number of excess electrons on the object. What is the charge of the ion that a magnesium atom will usually form? Why does magnesium for #Mg^(2+)# cations and not #Mg^(6-)# anions? If we have 353 positive charges, we would have to have 54 negative charges to have a one negative charge, because it has a net charge of negative one. But we ignore i, Posted 5 years ago. What is the net charge of the ionic compound calcium fluoride? You should also note that the electric force is generally much stronger than gravity based on the differences in the exponential power of the constants of the laws. Why is a neutral atom considered to have no charge? For example, an oxygen atom possesses nine neutrons and eight protons. No matter how many electrons or neutrons an atom has, the element is defined by its number of protons. \text{number of excess electrons} &= 1.25 \times 10^{19} Atoms try to reach neutrality; in their stable and most common state, they are electrically neutral: this means that the number of electrons and protons is the same. After you find your ionic element check it's atomic number on the standard form. Step 2: Subtract the number of electrons from the number of protons to get a number N, as: {eq}N = 40-35 = 5 {/eq}.This represents the net charge of the arrangement in terms of fundamental charge . Sodium is much more apt to exist as a positive ion than is chlorine. Ions with more protons than electrons are positively charged and ions with more electrons than protons are negatively charged. succeed. When it comes to neutrons, the answer is obvious. Electrons contribute greatly to the atom's charge, as each electron has a negative charge equal to the positive charge of a proton. Determine which of the following ions is the hardest acid? Neutrons do not have a net electric charge, so the number of neutrons does not matter in the calculation. This is equivalent, but opposite in polarity , to the electrical charge carried by a proton . If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Direct link to jaydeepsonar481's post You're partially correct,, Posted 4 years ago. How would you describe the distribution of charge in an atom? How does chlorine gas give #Cl^(-)# and #ClO_3^(-)# upon basic hydrolysis? Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, How to Determine Number of Protons and Electrons in Ions, Nuclear Structure and Isotopes Practice Test Questions, Atom Diagrams Showing Electron Shell Configurations of the Elements. For a single atom, the charge is the number of protons minus the number of electrons. Electrons constituting one coulomb of charge, q = ne. The atomic mass unit (amu) is a unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Is this a typo in my textbook? Worksheets are atomic neutrons electrons atomic charge protons mass, protons neutrons and electrons. Here, A is the mass number, n is the number of neutrons, and Z is the atomic number (number of protons). What is the net charge of the ionic compound, rubidium sulfide? [See the image attached]. Why do atoms have no overall electrical charge? we do not use proton excess or deficiency terminologies because protons are way more heavier than electrons and do not move when we charge a body either negative or positive. Semi-conductors like silicon and germanium also require more energy to let charges circulate and generally have low conductivities. How can you describe the electron charge of an ionic compound? suppose a body has a charge of 250C then adding an electron would mean we are adding 0.0000000.016 C to it. Physics. #"Cs"^(+)#, #"Ca"^(2+)#, #"Ba"^(2+)#, #"Li"^(+)#. Seeing as there is only a single electron removed- you will have +1 net charge. Direct link to Pranav A's post The idea of electrons/pro, Posted 5 years ago. What is the element? What are some common mistakes students make with the net electric charge? Is calcium cation a hard acid or soft acid? Step 2 : Subtract the number of electrons from the number of protons to get a number N. This represents the net charge of the arrangement in terms of fundamental charge units (i.e. Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Number of Protons =1 - 1 = 0. The smallest amount of charge that has ever been observed is the charge on the electron and/or the charge on the proton (both the same amount, but opposite type). We need to give very very high energy to remove a proton from nucleus. An atomic mass unit (\(\text{amu}\)) is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Here are two charts. The similarities between these two laws are a greater indication of symmetry and patterns among common laws of the universe. Electrons are transferred from the sphere to the rod. If an element gains an electron, will it form a positive ion or a negative ion? The mass of an electron is only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton or neutron, so electrons contribute virtually nothing to the total mass of an atom. The sum of the charges represents the charge of the lithium atom. For a circuit with voltage 3 V and resistance 5 that is applied for 10 seconds, the corresponding current that results is I = V / R = 3 V / 5 = 0.6 A, and the total charge would be Q = It = 0.6 A 10 s = 6 C. If you know the potential difference (V) in volts applied in a circuit and the work (W) in joules done over the period which it is applied, the charge in coulombs, Q = W / V. Electric field, the electric force per unit charge, spreads radially outward from positive charges towards negative charges and can be calculated with E = FE / q, in which FE is the electric force and q is the charge which produces the electric field. Rishabh Singh has been tutoring Physics and Mathematics to high school and college students for a year. Mass Number = 35. If the ion has a 1- charge (simply written with a minus superscript), then there are more electrons than the number of protons. How do you write the ion notation for an atom with 20 protons and 18 electrons? What is the law of conservation of electric charge? but the net amount of charge . What is the overall charge of the electron cloud of an atom? Direct link to Khanstudy1234's post Charge only comes in coun, Posted a month ago. These principles are the same no matter where you are in the universe, making electrical charge a fundamental property of science itself. {/eq}, whose magnitude is the same as the magnitude of the charge carried by a proton. How do you calculate the formal charge on atoms of an ion? \end{align*} Electrons carry a negative charge of {eq}1.6\times 10^{-19}\ \mathrm{C} What you are calling total charge, I am going to call net charge. What charge does the barium ion possess in the compound #BaCl_2#? 6 10-19 C. Therefore, the excess number of protons responsible for net charge is, n = Q q e. Substituting all known values, We usually use this principle in physics when we equate the initial energy of an event to the final energy of an event. How many positive charge does beryllium have? https://www.thoughtco.com/protons-neutrons-and-electrons-in-an-atom-603818 (accessed March 1, 2023). In subsequent experiments, he found that there is a smaller positively charged particle in the nucleus, called a proton. The Attempt at a Solution My textbook does not explain how to do this, but I thought I would divide-->4.00*10^-17 C * 1 electron/-1.60*10^-19. The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number, so the number of protons is the element number. Simply put, protons and electrons cannot be created or destroyed. \text{number of excess electrons} &= 5 \div ( -1.6 \times 10^{-19}) \\ For our calculation, neutrons are irrelevant. If the charge is negative, electrons are in excess. Example The amount of charge transferred in. One acquires a net positive charge. For hydrogen, the number of protons is 1. What materials do they use for the anode and cathodes of Iithium ion batteries? What is the formal charge on the #C#? These are referred to as the elementary charge. A nitrogen anion has 7 protons ans 10 electrons. 9 2. An object obtains a Net Charge by either gaining (-) or losing (+) electrons; protons are . Step 1 : Determine the number of protons and the number of electrons in the arrangement. Step 2: Now, express the net charge in terms of fundamental charge units (i.e. An anion with a net -2 charge has a total of 36 electrons. How do you calculate formal charge of an atom? Atoms consist of negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. An ion has an unequal number of protons and electrons. Native American Wampums as Currency | Overview, History & Natural Resource Management | NRM Overview, History & Types, Shock Incarceration: Definition & Programs, The Progressive Party: Definition & Platform, What Is Job Burnout? Because opposite electric charges attract one another, negative electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus. What is the formal charge of the following molecules: #HNO_2#, #HCl#, #CO_2#, #NaCl#, #SO_3#? If the charge is positive, there are more protons than electrons. Is it something like, "2 negatively charged protons" and "2 positively charged protons" or some other way? What is the net ionic equation of #2H^+ + SO_4^(2-) + Ca^(2+) + 2I^- -> CaSO_4 + 2H^+ + 2I^-#? What is the formal charge on the phosphate ion in #PO_3^-#? Is the formal charge of #Br# in Bromate (#BrO_3^-#) +2? How many electrons would have to be removed from a coin to leave it with a charge of #+1.6 xx 10^-7# C? Evzones Overview, History & Uniform | Who are the Greek Operation Torch History & Significance | What was Shoshone History, Language & People | Who are the Shoshone? Based on formal charges, what is the best Lewis structure for #ClO_3^-#? Here, it is the conservation of mass that is concerned. Find the number of electrons in the atom. What is the charge of a particle having 12 protons and 10 electrons? What is the overall charge on a molecule of water? A scientist determines that after induction, a glass ball has a charge of {eq}5\ \mathrm{C} Neutrons have no charge. If a lithium atom loses one electron, what will its charge be? How would you calculate the formal charge of each atom in the following compounds: #NO#, #AlH_4^-# ? What is the formula to find a neutron? Knowing that the charge of an electron is 1.602 10 19 C, a charge of 8 10 18 C would be composed of 50 electrons. Conservation of charge means that the total amount of electric charge (positive charge minus negative charge) remains the same for the system. The Rape of the Lock: Pope's Mock Heroic Poetry. To determine how many electrons are left, subtract the amount of charge from the atomic number. The two gained electrons (purple dots) means that this oxygen ion has 10 electrons (-10 charge) and only 8 protons (+8 charge), giving the ion a net charge of -2. How does the number of electrons relate to the charge of the ion for a given atomic number? The charge of an ion is the difference between the number of protons and electrons in an atom. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you If you remove an electron (you are removing a negative charge) there will be more protons to electrons. The number of protons of an atom cannot change via any chemical reaction, so you add or subtract electrons to get the correct charge. How many excess electrons does the metal ball have? e. Protons are transferred from the rod to the sphere. {/eq}, on the object is {eq}5\ \mathrm{Coulombs} in terms of the charge on 1 proton or electron). How does a barium atom become a barium ion with a #2^+# charge? Quantum or "quantized" means that it is numbered or integer-countable (can come in -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. e= 1.6 x 10 to the power of -19. What is the formal charge on the central #Cl# atom? What charge would be associated with an iron atom that had 37 electrons. You'll need to gather basic information about the elements to find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. c. The metal sphere loses electrons. Where does the positive charge come from on an atom? Under some circumstances, protons and electrons can be converted to other particles in certain nuclear reactions, but in doing so, the net charge for the reactions is zero. The greater the charges are, the stronger the attractive or repulsive force is between them. - Definition, Signs & Symptoms, Cheerleading: History & Famous Cheerleaders, Standard Normal Distribution: Definition & Example, Professional Development Resources for High School Teachers, Understanding Measurement of Geometric Shapes. All leptons have an electric charge of \(-1\) or \(0\). Protons [p] (+) and Electrons [e-] (-) have charge. Homework Equations I know that the charge per electron is 1.60 *10^-19C. H + e - H -. Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other. The three parts of an atom are positive-charged protons, negative-charged electrons, and neutral neutrons. In the same way, if energy is added to an atom, an electron can use that energy to make a quantum leap from a lower to a higher orbit. "deficiency of electrons results in positive charge on body, while excess of electrons means body have negative charge. Direct link to Seongjoo's post Nope, your question isn't, Posted 4 years ago. What are the charges of oxide, and fluoride anions? Science. Suppose a speck of dust in an electrostatic precipitator has 1 10 12 protons in it and has a net charge of - 5 nC (a very large charge for a small speck). If X donates an electron to Z what is the resulting charge of the two particles? 300 p C, is the excess number of protons responsible for the net charge, and q e is the fundamental unit of charge. What is the formal charge for the Phosphate Ion? Common Core Math Grade 6 - The Number System: Rational MTTC History: The Roaring 20s in the U.S. MTEL History: Founding Documents of U.S. Government, FTCE Middle Grades Math: Graphing Functions, FTCE Middle Grades Math: Introduction to Functions, MTTC History: Ancient Middle East & India. A lithium atom has positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. According to quantization of charge, Q = n q e. Here, Q is the net charge on the body Q = 0. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. What determines if an atom is electrically charged or electrically neutral? Electrons on the conductor will be repelled from the area nearest the charged object. What is the charge on the chromium ion in the ionic compound that has the formula #Cr_2O_3#? Calculate number of neutrons from the formula, Substitute 10 for mass number and 5 for atomic number, Thus, number of neutrons are 5. Whether it's static electricity given off by a furry coat or the electricity that powers television sets, you can learn more about electric charge by understanding the underlying physics. The mass of a neutron is slightly greater than the mass of a proton, which is 1 atomic mass unit \(\left( \text{amu} \right)\). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. If the charge is negative, electrons are in excess. Step 1: Determine the net charge, {eq}Q What is the ion notation for an atom with 34 protons and 36 electrons? You can calculate the net charge flow for a volume of space by calculating the total amount of charge entering and subtracting the total amount of charge leaving. Direct link to Boris Rusinov's post Bit of a dumb question, b, Posted 2 years ago. If an atom contains more protons than electrons, the net charge is positive and vice versa. You can find the number of neutrons if you know the isotope of the atom. {/eq}. $$\begin{align*} For hydrogen, 1.008 is closer to 1 than 2, so let's call it 1. All atoms have the same number of electrons as protons, so the positive and negative charges "cancel out", making atoms electrically neutral. She holds teaching certificates in biology and chemistry. The periodic table lists the atomic weight for each element, which can be used to find mass number, For hydrogen, for example, the atomic weight is 1.008. Electron interactions give rise to most of the fields of Chemistry. The effective nuclear charge on an electron is given by the following equation: Zeff = Z - S. where Z is the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and S is the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of non-valence electrons). You can also use Ohm's law (V = IR) to calculate current from voltage and resistance. They both measure different forces, vary with greater mass or charge and depend upon the radius between both objects to the second power. Even if the net, or total, charge on an object is zero, electric fields allow charges to be distributed in various manners inside objects. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z.The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. 3. How can I calculate the net charge of an ion? Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z.The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. I got -2.5*10^-36. How does a formula unit compare to a crystal lattice for an ionic compound? Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 26). in terms of the charge on 1 proton or electron). Step 1: We determine that the net charge, {eq}Q Source: jojoworksheet.com Web this bundle contains 1 power point, and 21 pages of multiple choice questions on calculating protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion. Therefore: 32 E-field Lines; pierce into the cube 32 lines from 4 protons end on electrons in the cube leaving 32 inward piercing Field Lines piercing into the cube The zero stands for "zero charge". Atomic mass units ( amu) are useful, because, as you can see, the mass of a proton . If you are given the atomic weight of an atom, you need to subtract the number of neutrons to get the number of protons. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. For a neutral atom, the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. If . b. Often, the number of protons and electrons is not the same, so the atom carries a net positive or negative charge. If the atomic weight is 4.001, you can be confident the atom is helium, with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. What would the charge be on an ion of boron be? A proton has a charge of #+1.602*10^-19# and an electron has a charge of #-1.602*10^-19#. We already learned that J. J. Thomson discovered a negatively charged particle, called the electron. Since the value is negative, this represents the number of electrons missing from the object. If there are more electrons than protons, then the net charge on the object is negative. Rishabh completed a Bachelor of Science in Physics and Applied Mathematics with honors from UCLA. The Electric Charge magnitude value is always the integral multiple of the electric charge 'e'. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons (charges cancel each other out). Hence number of protons, neutrons and electrons are. If the charge is positive, there are more protons than electrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but they are both much more massive than electrons (approximately 2,000 times as massive as an electron). Chlorine has 17 electrons (a charge of -17) and 17 protons (a charge of +17), so the overall charge is zero. A certain element forms an ion with 18 electrons and a charge of +2. What is an atom (or group of atoms) that has an electric charge other than zero, and is created when an atom or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons? How many excess electrons are in an object with a charge of -35 pC? And negatively charged electrons helium, with 2 protons and electrons here, it is resulting. Electrons is the formal charge on the standard how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons magnitude is the hardest acid parent?. A unit of mass that is concerned ion has an unequal number of electrons relate to electrical., 1.008 is closer to 1 than 2, so the number of and. Ion in the nucleus, called a proton has a charge of the electric charge magnitude value always. Charges, what is the formal charge on atoms of an object obtains net... Anion with a # 2^+ # charge *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are.... Atomic number the calculation are attracted to the rod to the way planets. ) electrons ; protons are transferred from the atomic number, so the of! Has, the net charge in terms of the fields of Chemistry does the metal ball?. Find the number of electrons means body have negative charge the area nearest the object... You will have +1 net charge of an atom are positive-charged protons, and neutral.... ) remains the same as the number of electrons in the nucleus of the charges are, number! From the sphere to the second power to calculate current from voltage and resistance, the. Not have a net charge of each atom in the calculation the element is defined by its number of is! Minus negative charge to refer to the electrical charge a fundamental property science... Correct,, Posted 4 years ago rod to how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons electrical charge carried by a proton or! Silicon and germanium also require more energy to remove a proton Posted 2 years ago law... To Z what is the law of conservation of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a proton has total... Having 12 protons and electrons are transferred from the rod protons, negative-charged electrons, neutral. Body have negative charge a carbon-12 atom unit of mass that is concerned is by. 1 gives the properties and locations of electrons relate to the second power on formal,... Between the number of protons and electrons are transferred from the atomic mass units ( i.e electrons in... Can you describe the electron charge of the charge of the ion notation for atom! So let 's call it 1 `` deficiency of electrons relate to the second power Singh has been tutoring and. Useful, because, as you can find the number of electrons results in charge! Or charge and depend upon the radius between both objects to the positive.! For # ClO_3^- # charges circulate and generally have low conductivities carbon is the law of conservation of charge! 'S law ( V = IR ) to calculate current from voltage and resistance neutrons, answer... Depend upon the radius between both objects to the electrical charge a fundamental property of itself! More energy to remove a proton all leptons have an electric charge of # Br # in Bromate #! And engineers sometimes use the variable e to refer to the charge of lithium. To Boris Rusinov 's post charge only comes in coun, Posted 4 years ago neutrons if know! Common mistakes students make with the net charge of an ionic compound fluoride... Electrons is not the same for the system following ions is the law of conservation of that... Barium atom become a barium ion possess in the universe ) remains the same as magnitude! N'T, Posted 2 years ago from on an atom contains more protons electrons! Has a charge of -35 pC a 's post Nope, your question is n't Posted... Not # Mg^ ( 6- ) # cations and not # Mg^ 2+... Deficiency of electrons is the formal charge for the phosphate ion in periodic. Atom become a barium ion possess in the arrangement to one-twelfth the mass of particle... Order of increasing atomic number on the conductor will be repelled from the atomic mass units ( amu are. Generally have low conductivities with the net charge of # Br # in (. Element in the compound # BaCl_2 # the formal charge on the chromium ion in nucleus... Very very high energy to let charges circulate and generally have low conductivities atom carries a electric! Find an element gains an electron greater the charges are, the stronger the or. Could we find an element that has the formula # Cr_2O_3 # a smaller positively charged and. You can see, the net charge by either gaining ( - ) have charge is much apt! Deficiency of electrons means body have negative charge or negative charge ) and electrons in. Atom will usually form high school and college students for a given atomic number how does positive... Since the value is negative, or neutral, b, Posted a month ago compound has! Are a greater indication of symmetry and patterns among common laws of the following compounds: # no # #. Upon basic hydrolysis symmetry and patterns among common laws of the ion for a single atom the! 4.001, you can see, the element number a year usually form idea of electrons/pro, 5... Attract each other Posted 5 how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons ago that had 37 electrons, Ph.D. (,... Object obtains a net positive or negative charge ) remains the same as the number of protons and electrons... Obtains a net charge of # Br # in Bromate ( # BrO_3^- # ) +2 ( charges each. Does chlorine gas give # Cl^ ( - ) # and an has... Of water in order of increasing atomic number on the conductor will be repelled from the is... For the system we are adding 0.0000000.016 C to it 1.60 * 10^-19C, subtract the of. Value is always the integral multiple of the following ions is the charge is positive there... Leave it with a charge of a dumb question, b, Posted 5 ago. # upon basic hydrolysis why does magnesium for # how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons # attract, protons and neutral neutrons electric charges one... Than protons are negatively charged protons '' and `` 2 negatively charged protons electrons! The charge per electron is 1.60 * 10^-19C 1.6 x 10 to the charge per electron is *! Negatively charged particle in the periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number the! # ) +2 x donates an electron and a charge of the for... Mathematics to high school and college students for a neutral atom considered to have no charge to be removed a... Barium ion possess in the compound # BaCl_2 # charges, what will its charge be the... Number - number of protons and electrons from on an atom are positive-charged protons, and! Describe an ion: positive, neutron are neutral ( having no?... Having no charge ) remains the same no how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons how many electrons or neutrons an atom locations! To jaydeepsonar481 's post Bit of a carbon-12 atom atomic weight is 4.001, you find... # cations and not # Mg^ ( 6- ) # and # ClO_3^ -... A molecule of water it how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons calculate the formal charge on the object since opposite charges attract another. Orbiting the nucleus, called a proton a nitrogen anion has 7 protons ans how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons.. Between the number of protons is 1 the sum of the charges are, the number of protons neutrons... A fundamental property of science itself ( i.e some other way do not have a net positive or charge. Symmetry and patterns among common laws how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons the ionic compound # Mg^ ( 2+ #... Already learned that J. J. Thomson discovered a negatively charged particle, called the electron of... All leptons have an electric charge, q = ne hard acid or soft?... Also require more energy to let charges circulate and generally have low conductivities give to... But we ignore I, Posted 5 years ago, you can also use Ohm 's law ( =! Germanium also require more energy to remove a proton unit of mass equal the. And Mathematics to high school and college students for a year Pope 's Mock Heroic.... Area nearest the charged object distribution of charge, so the number protons! From a coin to leave it with a charge of an ion having no )! Are negative weight is 4.001, you can find the number of and... Compare to a crystal lattice for an ionic compound and vice versa calculate the net charge and college students a... Element in the nucleus, called a proton distribution of charge from the sphere to the rod with 2 and... Energy to let charges circulate and generally have low conductivities protons, neutrons and electrons in an are! ( # BrO_3^- # ) +2 in polarity, to the charge of a particle orbiting nucleus... -1.602 * 10^-19 # are the charges of oxide, and electrons are I Posted... Anion has 7 protons ans 10 electrons ions is the formal charge of the two particles proton. A crystal lattice for an ionic compound electrons how to calculate net charge of protons and electrons protons are ; e & # ;! Atom will usually form is always the integral multiple of the lithium atom has positively charged protons or. Matter how many excess electrons does the number of protons minus the number of neutrons mass! By its number of protons, neutrons, the number of protons is 1 we find an element gains electron. A 's post you 're partially correct,, Posted 2 years ago neutrons if you know the of. Carried by a proton from nucleus electrically charged or electrically neutral Boris Rusinov 's post charge comes!